Atlantic bluefin tuna spawn at suboptimal temperatures for their offspring.

Life-history traits such as spawning migrations and timing of reproduction are adaptations to specific environmental constraints and seasonal cycles in many organisms' annual routines. In this study we analyse how offspring fitness constrains spawning phenology in a large migratory apex predator, the Atlantic bluefin tuna. The reproductive schedule of Atlantic bluefin tuna varies between spawning sites, suggesting plasticity to local environmental conditions. Generally, temperature is considered to be the main constraint on tuna spawning phenology. We combine evidence from long-term field data, temperature-controlled rearing experiments on eggs and larvae, and a model of egg fitness, and show that Atlantic bluefin tuna do not spawn to optimize egg and larval temperature exposure. The timing of spawning leads to temperature exposure considerably lower than optimal at all spawning grounds across the Atlantic Ocean. The early spawning is constrained by thermal inhibition of egg hatching and larval growth rates, but some other factors must prevent later spawning. Matching offspring with ocean productivity and the prey peak might be an important driver for bluefin tuna spawning phenology. This finding is important for predictions of reproductive timing in future climate warming scenarios for bluefin tuna.

Técnica e indicaciones de la resonancia magnética artrografía. Extremidad superior (I) / Magnetic resonance arthrography indications and technique (I). Upper limb

La resonancia magnética (RM) es el método de imagen más efectivo en el diagnóstico de la patología articular. La RM artrografía (RMA), con inyección intraarticular de gadolinio diluido o suero salino, ha ganado aceptación en los últimos tiempos. El líquido intraarticular facilita la detección de la patología articular al delinear las estructuras articulares, separar estructuras anatómicas antes adyacentes y llenar espacios potenciales que se originan o comunican con la articulación. La RMA proporciona información adicional sobre la integridad de las estructuras articulares, especialmente cartílago, fibrocartílagos y ligamentos. Ha demostrado su utilidad clínica en el hombro, donde se han centrado la mayoría de estudios. La detección de lesiones sutiles del complejo cápsulo-labral es fundamental en la valoración prequirúrgica. La RMA puede ser una técnica complementaria a la RM convencional en algunos casos y en otros ser la técnica de elección inicial. La RMA indirecta con administración de gadolinio endovenoso se basa en el realce del líquido articular que se produce por difusión desde la sinovial al espacio articular. Esta técnica ofrece mejores resultados en las articulaciones con menor capacidad de distensión, como la muñeca, tobillo, mano y pie. Este artículo revisa el papel actual de la RMA. Se hace especial hincapié en la articulación del hombro, donde su utilidad está más claramente establecida. Se describe también la utilidad de esta técnica en otras articulaciones, revisando los aspectos anatómicos más relevantes, la técnica y las aplicaciones

Magnetic resonance (MR) is the most effective imaging technique in the diagnosis of articular pathology. MR arthrography (MRA), with intra-articular injection of diluted gadolinium or physiological saline solution has become more common in recent years. The intra-articular fluid facilitates the detection of articular pathology by delineating the articular structures, separating adjacent anatomic structures, and filling potential spaces that originate in or communicate with the joint. MRA provides additional information about the integrity of the articular structures, especially cartilage, fibrocartilage, and ligaments. MRA has proven especially useful in the shoulder, where most of the studies have been centered. The detection of subtle lesions of the capsule/labrum complex is fundamental for presurgical evaluation. MRA can be used to complement conventional MR imaging in some cases and in others it is the initial technique of choice. Indirect MRA with intravenous gadolinium administration is based on the enhancement of articular fluid caused by diffusion from the synovial space to the articular space. This technique offers better results in articulations with less capacity for distension, such as the wrist, ankle, hand, and foot. This first part of two-part article reviews the current role of MRA in the upper limb. Special emphasis is placed on the shoulder joint, where its usefulness has been most clearly established. The usefulness of this technique in other joints is also described, reviewing the most important anatomic aspects, techniques and applications

Técnica e indicaciones de la resonancia magnética artrografía. Extremidad inferior (II) / Magnetic resonance arthrography indications and technique (II). Lower limb

La resonancia magnética (RM) es la técnica de imagen de elección en la valoración de la patología articular. La RM artrografía (RMA) consiste en la punción directa de la articulación con inyección intraarticular de gadolinio diluido o suero salino. La RMA produce distensión de los recesos capsulares, delinea las estructuras intraarticulares y separa estructuras de difícil valoración por estar anexas, con lo que se consigue mejorar la fiabilidad diagnóstica de la patología articular y periarticular. La RMA permite resolver eficazmente alguno de los problemas diagnósticos de la RM en la valoración de la patología articular, evitando realizar artroscopias diagnósticas y permitiendo un mejor planteamiento terapéutico. En las articulaciones mayores de la extremidad inferior (cadera, rodilla y tobillo) la RMA tiene unas indicaciones claramente establecidas, entre las que destacan la valoración de las lesiones del labrum acetabular en la cadera, el menisco operado de la rodilla y el estudio de los síndromes de «impingement» del tobillo. Este artículo revisa la utilidad actual de la RMA en las articulaciones de la cadera, rodilla y tobillo. Se revisan los aspectos anatómicos más relevantes, la técnica y las aplicaciones. Finalmente, se revisa la utilidad de esta técnica en patologías que pueden afectar a cualquier articulación del organismo como son las lesiones osteocondrales, cuerpos libres y patología sinovial

Magnetic resonance (MR) is the imaging technique of election in the evaluation of the articular pathology. MR arthrography (MRA) consists of the direct punction of the joint with intraarticular injection of diluted gadolinium or saline solution. MRA produces distention of the capsular recess, delineates the intraarticular structures and separates annexed structures of difficult evaluation, with which it is able to improve the reliability diagnoses of the articular and periarticular pathology. MRA allows to solve some of the diagnostic problems of conventional MR imaging in the evaluation of the articular pathology, avoiding to make unnecessary diagnostic arthroscopy and allowing a better therapeutic plan. In the greater joints of the inferior extremity (hip, knee and ankle) MRA has established indications standing out the evaluation of the injuries of the acetabular labrum of the hip, the operated meniscus of the knee and the study of the «impingement» syndromes of the ankle. This article reviews the present utility of the MRA in the hip, knee and ankle joints. The more relevant anatomical aspects, the technique and the applications are reviewed. Finally, the value of this technique in pathologies that can affect any joint of the organism such as osteochondral injuries, loose intraarticular bodies and synovial pathology is reviewed

Magnetic resonance urography: a pictorial overview.

Magnetic resonance urography (MRU) can be performed on the basis of two different imaging strategies: static-fluid MRU, based on heavily T2 weighted turbo spin echo (TSE) sequences, and gadolinium-enhanced excretory MRU. Both MR urographic techniques in combination with standard MRI permit a comprehensive examination of the entire urinary tract. This pictorial review illustrates the MRU features of the a wide spectrum of pathological conditions affecting the urinary tract.

[Magnetic resonance arthrography indications and technique (I). Upper limb]. / Técnica e indicaciones de la resonancia magnética artrografia. Extremidad superior (I).

Magnetic resonance (MR) is the most effective imaging technique in the diagnosis of articular pathology. MR arthrography (MRA), with intra-articular injection of diluted gadolinium or physiological saline solution has become more common in recent years. The intra-articular fluid facilitates the detection of articular pathology by delineating the articular structures, separating adjacent anatomic structures, and filling potential spaces that originate in or communicate with the joint. MRA provides additional information about the integrity of the articular structures, especially cartilage, fibrocartilage, and ligaments. MRA has proven especially useful in the shoulder, where most of the studies have been centered. The detection of subtle lesions of the capsule/labrum complex is fundamental for presurgical evaluation. MRA can be used to complement conventional MR imaging in some cases and in others it is the initial technique of choice. Indirect MRA with intravenous gadolinium administration is based on the enhancement of articular fluid caused by diffusion from the synovial space to the articular space. This technique offers better results in articulations with less capacity for distension, such as the wrist, ankle, hand, and foot. This first part of two-part article reviews the current role of MRA in the upper limb. Special emphasis is placed on the shoulder joint, where its usefulness has been most clearly established. The usefulness of this technique in other joints is also described, reviewing the most important anatomic aspects, techniques and applications.

[Magnetic resonance arthrography indications and technique (II). Lower limb]. / Técnica e indicaciones de la resonancia magnética artrografía. Extremidad inferior (II).

Magnetic resonance (MR) is the imaging technique of election in the evaluation of the articular pathology. MR arthrography (MRA) consists of the direct punction of the joint with intraarticular injection of diluted gadolinium or saline solution. MRA produces distention of the capsular recess, delineates the intraarticular structures and separates annexed structures of difficult evaluation, with which it is able to improve the reliability diagnoses of the articular and periarticular pathology. MRA allows to solve some of the diagnostic problems of conventional MR imaging in the evaluation of the articular pathology, avoiding to make unnecessary diagnostic arthroscopy and allowing a better therapeutic plan. In the greater joints of the inferior extremity (hip, knee and ankle) MRA has established indications standing out the evaluation of the injuries of the acetabular labrum of the hip, the operated meniscus of the knee and the study of the "impingement" syndromes of the ankle. This article reviews the present utility of the MRA in the hip, knee and ankle joints. The more relevant anatomical aspects, the technique and the applications are reviewed. Finally, the value of this technique in pathologies that can affect any joint of the organism such as osteochondral injuries, loose intraarticular bodies and synovial pathology is reviewed.

[Spinal angiolipoma: case report]. / Angiolipoma espinal: presentación de un caso.

Spinal extradural angiolipomas are rare benign tumours, accounting for only 0.14-1.2% of all spinal neoplasms. They are usually localized within the thoracic extradural space of the spinal canal and their common clinical presentation is myelopathy, mainly in the way of a slowly progressive paraparesis and sometimes in an acute form. We report the case of a 85 year old man who complained of bilateral lower limb weakness with sphincter disturbance of acute instauration. The MRI showed a posterior extradural lesion at L1-L2 level that compressed conus medularis and cauda equina. He underwent urgent surgical treatment and we achieved total resection of the lesion via a L1-L2 laminectomy. The pathological examination confirmed the tumour as an angiolipoma.

Angiolipoma espinal: presentación de un caso / Spinal angiolipoma: Case report

Los angiolipomas espinales extradurales son tumores de carácter benigno poco frecuentes, que representan el 0,14-1,2 por ciento de todas las neoplasias raquídeas y se localizan preferentemente a nivel torácico. Clínicamente suelen presentarse como mielopatía, que puede debutar de forma aguda o instaurarse crónicamente. Presentamos el caso de un varón de 85 años con clínica de inicio agudo consistente en paraparesia espástica, acompañada de alteración de esfínteres. En la RM dorso-lumbar se objetivó una neoformación intrarraquídea a nivel L1-L2, que ocupaba el espacio epidural posterior, comprimiendo el cono medular y la cauda equina. El paciente fue intervenido con carácter urgente, realizándose una laminectomía L1-L2 y consiguiéndose la exéresis total de la neoformación. El estudio anatomopatológico fue informado como angiolipoma (AU)

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[Intradural lumbar disk hernia]. / Hernia discal lumbar intradural.

Intradural disc herniation is a rare complication of degenerative disc disease. A correct diagnosis of this process is frequently difficult. If this entity is not preoperatively diagnosed and is omitted at surgery, severe neurologic sequels may be provoked. We report a case of a pathologically proven intradural disc herniation preoperatively diagnosed by MR imaging. Clinically, it was manifested by sudden onset of right leg ciatalgia and progressive right lower extremity weakness. The patient also referred a one-month history of sexual dysfunction. MR imaging revealed interruption of the low signal of the anulus fibrosus and of the posterior longitudinal ligament at L2-L3 level and a voluminous disc fragment migrated in the dural sac that showed rim enhancement with gadolinium.The clinical, neuroradiological, and surgical management of lumbar intradural disc herniation are reviewed.

Hernia discal lumbar intradural / Intradural lumbar disk hernia

La hernia intradural es una complicación infrecuente de la enfermedad degenerativa discal, de difícil diagnóstico. Si este proceso no se diagnostica preoperatoriamente y se pasa por alto en el acto quirúrgico, puede condicionar importantes secuelas neurológicas. Presentamos un caso de hernia discal intradural diagnosticado preoperatoriamente con resonancia magnética (RM). Clínicamente, se manifestaba por un cuadro de lumbociatalgia derecha de instauración súbita, disminución progresiva de la fuerza en la extremidad inferior derecha y disfunción sexual de un mes de evolución. La RM demostró interrupción de la hiposeñal normal del anillo fibroso discal y del ligamento longitudinal común posterior en L2-L3, así como un voluminoso fragmento discal migrado en el saco tecal, con realce anular tras la administración de contraste. Se revisa la nosología de la hernia discal intradural lumbar, con especial atención a los hallazgos neurorradiológicos y a su abordaje quirúrgico (AU)

Unilateral osteonecrosis in a patient with bilateral os centrale carpi: imaging findings.

The os centrale carpi is one of the accessory ossicles that have been described in the carpus. We report on the imaging findings of a rare case of unilateral osteonecrosis in a patient with bilateral os centrale carpi. The differential diagnosis of this entity and the suggested etiology for the development of osteonecrosis are discussed.

Chronic nontraumatic spinal epidural hematoma of the lumbar spine: MRI diagnosis.

An uncommon case of chronic nontraumatic spinal epidural hematoma of the lumbar spine in a 75-year-old woman is reported. The patient presented with a 7-month history of low back pain and bilateral sciatica. Magnetic resonance imaging enabled a correct preoperative diagnosis revealing a nodular, well-circumscribed epidural mass with peripheral enhancement and signal intensities consistent with chronic hematoma, which extended from L2 to L3. Laminectomy of L2-L3 was performed and the hematoma was totally resected. Histological examination of the surgical specimen demonstrated a chronic encapsulated hematoma. No evidence of vascular malformation was found. The patient recovered fully after surgical treatment.

Transjugular approach to treat portal vein stenosis after liver transplantation--a case report.

The authors present a case of portal vein stenosis that developed shortly after liver transplantation in a 48-year-old woman treated successfully with portal stent implantation by use of a transjugular approach to achieve portal vein access. To their knowledge, there are no other reports in the literature on the use of a transjugular approach with vein stent placement in the treatment of portal stenosis complicating orthotopic liver transplantation.

Adult choroid plexus papilloma of the posterior fossa mimicking a hemangioblastoma. Case report.

The authors report a case of cystic choroid plexus papilloma that originated in the posterior fossa. No connection with the ventricular system was found intraoperatively. Magnetic resonance (MR) and computerized tomography imaging did not furnish a diagnosis, but findings of pathological examinations were consistent with those of choroid plexus papilloma. The authors describe the different appearances of the tumor on MR images and discuss the differential diagnosis with other tumors of the posterior fossa.

Usefulness of gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging in the evaluation of the vascularity of scaphoid nonunions.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this article is to identify the role of gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging in the preoperative evaluation of the vascular status of the proximal fragment in scaphoid nonunions. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Thirty consecutive patients (27 men and three women; age range, 19-52 years; mean age, 28 years) with nonunion of the scaphoid were prospectively examined with unenhanced and gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging. MR images and surgical findings were classified in four groups according to the vascular status of the proximal fragment (normal bone, moderate ischemic bone, severe ischemic bone, and avascular necrosis). Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of unenhanced and gadolinium-enhanced MR studies were calculated. Surgical findings were used as the gold standard. The postoperative rate of union at 12 months was evaluated for each group. RESULTS: Unenhanced MR imaging showed a global sensitivity of 36%, specificity of 78%, and accuracy of 68% in the preoperative evaluation of the vascular status of the proximal fragment. Correlation with the surgical findings was not statistically significant (p < 0.149). Global sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging were 66%, 88%, and 83%, respectively. Correlation with the surgical findings was good (p < 0.0001). Gadolinium-enhanced sequences allowed accurate diagnosis and enabled the creation of prognostic groups having better correlation with surgical findings and postoperative results. CONCLUSION: Gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging is the most reliable imaging method for investigating the vascularity of the proximal pole in scaphoid nonunions.

The spermatozoon morphology of Solea senegalensis (Kaup, 1858) (Teleostei, Pleuronectiformes).

The spermatozoon of Solea senegalensis (Kaup, 1858) consists of an acrosome-less ovoid head, a short midpiece containing several irregular mitochondria embedded in the cytoplamic mass, and a long tail with two lateral fins and a conventional 9 + 2 axoneme. The centrioles are housed in a deep nuclear fossa and are both orientated in the same longitudinal axis of the spermatozoon. The overall structure of this spermatozoon conforms to the sperm type considered to be plesiomorphic in the neopterigians (type I sperm). The likely apomorphic (coaxial) orientation of the centrioles defines the spermatozoal morphology of the Soleidae investigated thus far and separates them from the other known pleuronectiform spermatozoa.

Randomized clinical trial of Plantago ovata seeds (dietary fiber) as compared with mesalamine in maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis. Spanish Group for the Study of Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis (GETECCU).

OBJECTIVE: Butyrate enemas may be effective in the treatment of active distal ulcerative colitis. Because colonic fermentation of Plantago ovata seeds (dietary fiber) yields butyrate, the aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of Plantago ovata seeds as compared with mesalamine in maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis. METHODS: An open label, parallel-group, multicenter, randomized clinical trial was conducted. A total of 105 patients with ulcerative colitis who were in remission were randomized into groups to receive oral treatment with Plantago ovata seeds (10 g b.i.d.), mesalamine (500 mg t.i.d.), and Plantago ovata seeds plus mesalamine at the same doses. The primary efficacy outcome was maintenance of remission for 12 months. RESULTS: Of the 105 patients, 102 were included in the final analysis. After 12 months, treatment failure rate was 40% (14 of 35 patients) in the Plantago ovata seed group, 35% (13 of 37) in the mesalamine group, and 30% (nine of 30) in the Plantago ovata plus mesalamine group. Probability of continued remission was similar (Mantel-Cox test, p = 0.67; intent-to-treat analysis). Therapy effects remained unchanged after adjusting for potential confounding variables with a Cox's proportional hazards survival analysis. Three patients were withdrawn because of the development of adverse events consisting of constipation and/or flatulence (Plantago ovata seed group = 1 and Plantago ovata seed plus mesalamine group = 2). A significant increase in fecal butyrate levels (p = 0.018) was observed after Plantago ovata seed administration. CONCLUSIONS: Plantago ovata seeds (dietary fiber) might be as effective as mesalamine to maintain remission in ulcerative colitis.

Transrectal sonography in the assessment of vaginal pathology: a preliminary study.

PURPOSE: We assessed the value of transrectal sonography (TRUS) in the diagnosis of vaginal abnormalities. METHODS: Six women between 16 and 77 years old underwent TRUS with a biplanar probe equipped with 5-MHz axial sector and longitudinal linear transducers. Sagittal and axial images of the bladder, vagina, and urethra were obtained. Sonographic findings were compared with those from surgery. RESULTS: TRUS showed hematocolpos in 3 patients and cysts in 3 patients. Surgery confirmed the findings. Pathologic examination revealed 2 Gartner's cysts and 1 vaginal inclusion cyst. CONCLUSIONS: TRUS represents a valid diagnostic tool for the assessment of vaginal abnormalities because it accurately visualizes lesions and clearly shows anatomic relationships.